International Scientific Conference on Economics, Management and Information Technologies
Toplica Academy of Applied Studies, Department of Business Studies Blace
The International Scientific Conference on Economics, Management and Information Technologies – ICEMIT 2025 was held from October 9 to October 11, 2025, in Blace and Kuršumlijska Banja, Serbia, bringing together researchers, academics, professionals, and practitioners from different countries with the aim of exchanging knowledge, presenting contemporary scientific achievements, and discussing current challenges and future perspectives in the fields of economics, management, tourism, sustainability, digital transformation, and information technologies. ICEMIT is a multidisciplinary conference that is being organized for the second time by the Toplica Academy of Applied Studies, Department of Business Studies Blace, with co-organizers: University of St. Kliment Ohridski, Bitola, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality in Ohrid, North Macedonia, and the University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia, and the Student Association of the Business School of Applied Studies Blace – SSVPŠSS, Serbia. The conference provided an interdisciplinary platform for scientific dialogue and collaboration between researchers, policymakers, representatives of higher education institutions, and industry professionals. The primary goal of the conference was to encourage the exchange of ideas and experiences, strengthen academic cooperation, and identify innovative and sustainable solutions to contemporary economic, managerial, and technological challenges. The ICEMIT 2025 Conference Proceedings include a total of 67 papers authored by 189 researchers and scholars. Authors and participants came from several countries, including Serbia, North Macedonia, Croatia, Slovenia, Italy, Portugal, Poland, India, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Switzerland, Bangladesh, the Russian Federation, and the United States of America, confirming the international and interdisciplinary character of the conference. The papers published in the Proceedings cover a broad spectrum of contemporary topics, including artificial intelligence, digital transformation, sustainable tourism development, consumer behavior, organizational culture, human resource management, financial systems, educational technologies, cybersecurity, environmental sustainability, circular economy, digital marketing, and the application of advanced analytical methods in business and society. Particular attention was devoted to the growing role of artificial intelligence and digital technologies in shaping modern economies and organizations. Several studies explored the impact of artificial intelligence on tourism, healthcare, education, marketing, employee well-being, cybersecurity, and decision-making processes. At the same time, sustainability and responsible development emerged as central themes of the conference, with researchers examining renewable energy, ecotourism, smart tourism strategies, sustainability reporting, environmental protection policies, and sustainable business practices. The Proceedings also reflect the growing importance of tourism and hospitality research in the contemporary global environment. Numerous studies analyzed tourist behavior, cultural tourism, digital nomads, destination management, service quality, employability in tourism, and innovation in hospitality and tourism industries, emphasizing the necessity for continuous adaptation to rapidly changing market conditions and technological advancement. In addition, the conference highlighted the significance of interdisciplinary approaches in addressing complex economic and social issues. Contributions from the fields of finance, taxation, trade, organizational studies, education, and information technologies demonstrated how modern scientific methodologies and technological solutions can contribute to improving institutional efficiency, economic resilience, and social well-being. Finally, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to all authors for their valuable contributions, as well as to the reviewers, members of the scientific and organizing committees, session chairs, keynote speakers, and all participants whose efforts significantly contributed to the scientific quality and successful realization of ICEMIT 2025. We believe that the papers published in these Proceedings will provide valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, practitioners, and students, while also encouraging future scientific cooperation and the development of innovative solutions for contemporary economic, managerial, and technological challenges. Blace, December, 2025. Editors Goran Perić, Ph.D. Aleksandar Trajkov, Ph.D. Ivana Nešić, Ph.D.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Scientific Conference on Economics, Management and Information Technologies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Workplace context and earnings management perceptions: Insights from Polish professional accountants
This study investigates how accounting professionals’ workplace influences their ethical perceptions of earnings management practices. Using a sample of 100 participants from five workplace categories - accounting offices, private companies, public companies, audit firms, and self-employed accountants - we assessed responses to 13 scenarios based on the Bruns and Merchant (1989) questionnaire. Results from ANOVA and repeated measures ANOVA revealed that workplace significantly affected overall ethical perceptions, accrual-based earnings management, and single-year earnings management, whereas real earnings management and multi-year earnings management showed no significant differences. Post-hoc tests indicated that auditors adopt the strictest ethical stance, while self-employed practitioners are the most permissive. These findings extend previous research by examining a broader set of professional groups and confirm that workplace-related differences persist at the scenario level. The results have practical implications for regulatory bodies and professional associations in designing targeted ethics training and policies to improve transparency and quality in financial reporting.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Scientific Conference on Economics, Management and Information Technologies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Intentions to take night trains (sleepers) for leisure trips: A study in London
Despite the revival of night trains across Europe, understanding what drives travellers to choose this mode of transport remains mostly underexplored. This study examines Londoners’ intentions to take night trains for leisure travel, positioning environmental concern as a key antecedent within the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Survey data from 278 respondents reveal that environmental concern significantly shapes travel attitudes and intentions, with the model explaining 60% of the variance in night train adoption. Ecological consciousness and familiarity with the service offer emerge as the primary drivers of night train intentions, outweighing social pressure. For rail operators and policymakers, findings suggest targeting sustainability-oriented travellers, enhancing service familiarity through promotional trials and experiential marketing, and addressing social perceptions that may hinder adoption. Also, this study contributes to sustainable mobility research in metropolitan contexts and invites further investigation into how environmental values and peer influence shape travel choices across diverse urban settings, particularly in understanding the complex role of subjective norms in sustainable transport decisions.
Bibliometric insights into solar energy and its role in employment generation
This study aims to examine global research trends, key contributors, and theme advancements in the field of solar energy and their impact on employment and identify future research areas. 695 documents from the Scopus database were analyzed using Biblioshiny and VOSviewer to determine performance indicators, authorship patterns, and theme structures. The data presented that India, China, and the United States are the major contributors, with increased international collaboration and research output. Thematic mapping identifies four primary priority areas: solar skill training, technological uptake, institutional policy support, and socioeconomic effect. These findings are significant to major opportunities for governments to strengthen national skill efforts, entrepreneurs to engage in workforce-ready markets, and scholars to investigate developing and underrepresented areas.
Quantitative analysis of the multiplier effect and intersectoral influences of the transport and storage sector
This study investigates the economic significance of the Transport and Storage sector using an input–output (IO) framework. The primary objective is to evaluate the sector’s multiplier effect and intersectoral linkages within the domestic economy. The analysis relies on the official 2020 Symmetric Input–Output Tables, aggregated into 16 analytical sectors. A demand-driven IO model was applied to measure direct and indirect impacts, excluding import shares to focus on domestic propagation channels. Results indicate that the total output multiplier for Transport and Storage is 2.807, with nearly two-thirds generated by indirect effects. Strong internal loops are observed within logistics activities, while notable spillovers occur in Manufacturing, Trade, Energy, Construction, and Hospitality. Approximately 19% of the effect translates into Gross Value Added, highlighting its role in income generation. The findings confirm the sector’s systemic importance and suggest that strengthening domestic supplier networks and infrastructure investment can further magnify its developmental contribution.
Dissecting happiness: modeling economic determinants of subjective well-being in Europe and Central Asia
This study investigates the economic determinants of subjective well-being across 49 countries in Europe and Central Asia. Using the Ladder score as a measure of life satisfaction, a multiple linear regression model was applied to assess the impact of key socioeconomic variables, including GDP per capita, unemployment, inflation, urbanization, income inequality (Gini coefficient), life expectancy, health expenditure per capita, and homeownership rates. The results reveal significant negative effects of unemployment and inflation on subjective well-being, while life expectancy and health expenditure per capita positively influence happiness levels. Urbanization and income inequality showed weaker or insignificant effects. These findings underscore the critical role of economic stability and public health investments in enhancing life satisfaction. This research provides a comprehensive, region-specific empirical assessment and valuable insights for policymakers aiming to improve citizens’ quality of life through targeted economic and social policies.
Context aware model for sentiment analysis in tourism
The latest methods for natural language analysis allow for contextual analysis of the text and examination of the type of emotions that can be detected. Emotions such as anger, joy, sadness, optimism can show us which emotions prevailed among visitors during their stay in a certain destination. These emotions, through the written reviews, can influence future potential tourists who plan to visit the same destination. In this paper, a combined sentiment analysis of reviews taken from online travel agencies was performed, analyzing the polarity of the sentences, but additionally analyzing the emotions in their context, while also monitoring their change over time. More than 2000 reviews from visitors who visited the same destination and were accommodated in different accommodation facilities were analyzed
Benefits of creating smart marketing strategies for sustainable tourism development in North Macedonia
This paper highlights the benefits of using artificial intelligence (AI) and smart marketing strategies in tourism, with a focus on North Macedonia. Tourism is a key economic sector and a priority in the country’s Smart Specialization Strategy, emphasizing innovation and integration of information and communication technologies. By leveraging AI, big data, and digital marketing, stakeholders can better understand tourist behavior, create personalized campaigns, and promote sustainable tourism. These strategies enhance the competitiveness of North Macedonia’s tourism while supporting environmental sustainability and aligning with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The research stresses the importance of collaboration among academia, industry, and policymakers to design effective tourism policies. Overall, smart marketing driven by digital transformation fosters a responsible, innovative, and resilient tourism sector that benefits local communities and the broader tourism system.
Monetary policy effectiveness in the context of global inflation growth: Evidence from North Macedonia
Monetary policy, in interaction with fiscal policy, is a central instrument for ensuring macroeconomic stability, especially in periods of heightened global inflationary pressures. The recent global surge in prices, largely triggered by disruptions in supply chains and the restricted availability of oil and energy products, has significantly affected small and open economies. North Macedonia represents a particularly relevant case, as its high external dependency has amplified the transmission of global shocks into domestic price dynamics. This study investigates the effectiveness of monetary policy in stabilizing inflation and safeguarding macroeconomic balance in North Macedonia. The analysis focuses on the transmission channels through which monetary measures operate and evaluates the extent to which domestic policy responses mitigate external inflationary pressures. The findings reveal that while inflationary trends were predominantly driven by global factors, monetary policy interventions contributed meaningfully to cushioning adverse effects, supporting price stability, and preserving the broader macroeconomic framework.
Digital transformation of safety in tourism with the use of artificial intelligence: A case study of Slovenia as a tourist destination
Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming contemporary tourism by providing innovative tools to improve safety, which is one of the key elements of destination competitiveness, service quality and tourist trust. The purpose of this paper is to examine how digital transformation, supported by AI technologies, contributes to strengthening safety in Slovenia as a tourist destination. The study is based on qualitative research, using semi-structured interviews with experts in tourism, safety and technology. The findings show that AI facilitates faster and more accurate threat detection, improves crisis communication and enhances the perception of safety among tourists. At the same time, the research highlights challenges such as limited financial resources, insufficient digital competencies and lack of stakeholder collaboration. The study contributes to a better understanding of opportunities and barriers of digital transformation in tourism, and provides guidelines for innovative safety solutions to support the sustainable competitiveness of tourist destinations.
Forgone healthcare and cancer mortality in the United States: A state-level analysis
Forgone healthcare is a hot topic in the United States. One reason is that many Americans cannot afford healthcare or health insurance. This article examines whether there are statistically significant differences in cancer mortality between US states with low, medium, and high levels of forgone healthcare. The analysis revealed statistically significant differences in cancer mortality rates between US states. Evidence shows that the percentage of adults unable to access healthcare when needed due to cost, and the percentage of adults reporting fair or poor health, are associated with differences in cancer mortality rates. These findings have important policy implications, highlighting the need for state-specific measures to improve the health and wellbeing of the population.
Health expenditure and gender-specific cancer incidence and mortality: Are there statistically significant differences between country groups?
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death, which emphasises the need for prevention, detection and treatment. This article aims to investigate whether there are statistically significant differences in gender-specific cancer incidence and mortality between countries with low, medium and high health expenditure (as a percentage of GDP). The results for the year 2022 indicate statistically significant differences in cancer incidence and mortality in men between countries with low and medium health expenditure and countries with low and high health expenditure; however, no such differences were found in women.
Relation between attitudes towards artificial intelligence and employee well-being in Serbia
The main aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between attitude towards artificial intelligence (AI) and employee well-being in Serbia. Since previous studies showed that AI can have different effects not only on workplace behavior, but on other elements of employee life, we used employee well-being (EWB) as a construct that is composed of workplace, psychological, and life well-being. Regarding the methodology, we used a quantitative approach to investigate the proposed relation. The sample of the research contains 266 responses from employees in Serbia, who work in the service sector, mostly in IT, consulting, and banking industries, in privately owned companies. Also, most of the respondents are highly educated, from the northern part of the country, the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. The questionnaires used in the research were adapted from the AI attitude scale with 4 questions, while the employee well-being scale was adapted from an 18-question scale. Additionally, we added several demographic questions to the final questionnaire. The Spearman’s correlation and multiple regression model were used to investigate the effects of different control and independent variables on employee well-being.
A comparative study of environmental protection efforts in the European Union and India
Climate change and global warming, driven by decades of neglect and pollution, increasingly threaten life on Earth. Rising temperatures, species extinction, and frequent wildfires highlight the problem’s severity. To prevent irreversible damage, individuals, institutions, and governments promote recycling, energy-efficient technologies, environmental laws, and other sustainable environmental projects. These efforts aim to mitigate climate change and preserve resources for future generations. However, significant differences exist between the environmental conservation practices of the EU and India, comparable mainly by size but different culturally and economically. These differences influence their approaches to sustainable development and environmental protection. Further analysis using the DEA method could offer valuable insights into the effectiveness of their strategies.
Managers’ views on renewable energy and ecological sustainability in tourism
The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of efficient energy management in tourist facilities, with particular emphasis on hotel managers' views regarding the use of renewable energy sources and environmental sustainability. The research is based on a qualitative methodological approach, including semi-structured interviews with hotel managers in the Kvarner region. The collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis in order to identify key patterns, attitudes and barriers related to the implementation of energy efficiency measures and renewable energy solutions. Qualitative analysis of the research results indicates that smaller hotel facilities implement energy efficiency measures to a limited extent and rarely adopt renewable energy sources, primarily due to financial constraints and lack of information. Large hotel chains express a willingness to invest, but these investments are often postponed due to other investment priorities. The findings of this research have important practical implications: they highlight the need for stronger financial incentives, targeted education programs, and policy measures aimed at supporting smaller hotels in the transition toward renewable energy. Furthermore, the results provide a basis for destination-level strategic planning and contribute to the broader discussion on sustainable tourism development and energy transition in the hospitality sector.
Integrating intangible cultural heritage into tourism: balancing preservation and development
This paper examines the role of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) in sustainable tourism with the aim of identifying both opportunities for revitalization and risks of over commodification. The research is based on a qualitative analysis of existing literature, analysis of heritage management frameworks, and examples of good practice, combined with opinions from the principles of sustainable tourism. Findings indicate that ICH, when responsibly presented as a part of the tourism, can generate truly authentic cultural experiences, strengthen identity of the community, and provide economic incentives for safeguarding local craftsmanship. However, it also faces threats of over-commercialization and loss of authenticity if altered excessively and without limitations to external demands. The conclusions emphasize the importance of participatory management, stakeholder collaboration, and long-term strategies that respect cultural values. Overall, the paper contributes to the academic debate by offering guidelines for balancing tourism development with cultural continuity and sustainable heritage protection.
Interpretation of ECG recordings using artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative tool in the analysis and interpretation of electrocardiograms. Using machine learning and deep learning algorithms, AI systems can now detect arrhythmias, ischemic changes, and other cardiac abnormalities with a level of speed and accuracy that rivals or complements human expertise. These advances have made it possible to automate ECG interpretation, reduce diagnostic errors, and provide rapid decision support in clinical and remote settings. In addition, AI models trained on large ECG datasets can continuously learn and adapt, enabling precision medicine and proactive patient care. With continuous research and thoughtful integration into clinical workflows, AI can become a transformative tool in the early identification and management of heart conditions, ultimately improving care delivery and outcomes in various healthcare settings.
Sustainability reporting: the current issues in Slovenian legislation
Sustainability reporting is gradually being introduced into the economy. The European Union (EU) is at the forefront with its Directive 2022/2464/EU on corporate sustainability reporting, a pivotal part of corporate transparency and responsibility commitments for larger and more significant entities and groups. Nevertheless, a proposal package of amendments to the Directive is being considered to adjust, simplify, and delay sustainability reporting, with the aim of enhancing European economic competitiveness. Our conference paper presents the current sustainability reporting framework in Slovenia. The research question is twofold. First, what are the newest occurrences in the field of sustainable reporting in Slovenia and their implementation in the Slovenian legislative framework? Second, are further simplifications and administrative burden diminution needed in the Slovenian sustainability reporting regulatory framework? Analysis reveals minor possible simplifications to the Slovenian sustainability reporting framework. Careful consideration should be given to striking a reasonable balance between the benefits and costs associated with sustainability reporting. Keywords: sustainability reporting, reporting entities, Slovenia
Cryptoassets taxation: the Case of Slovenia
Cryptocurrencies are based on relatively new technology and often represent a new type of highly volatile investment rather than a means of payment; therefore, regulators must adapt quickly to the ongoing growth and changing cryptocurrency ecosystem. Justified and non-discriminatory taxation on profits derived from the disposal of any financial assets, including cryptoassets, appears to be the universal core of the taxation problem. The issues regarding cryptotaxation, its taxable activities, and tax base, irrespective of the tax jurisdiction, arise already from the basic definitions, where confusion can be detected. The research question is: How is the taxation of cryptocurrency transactions regulated in the European Union (EU), particularly in Slovenia? The conference paper examines the current legislative framework in the Slovenian cryptoecosystem for natural persons, presents a new proposal for a cryptoassets disposal income tax that has sparked considerable debate in both the crypto and political public in Slovenia, and provides an overview of the current pros and cons.
Digital nomads in Croatia: between attraction and challenges
The rise of digital technologies has transformed global work practices, fostering digital entrepreneurship and the growing phenomenon of digital nomadism. Croatia has emerged as a prominent destination, particularly after the introduction of the digital nomad residence permit in 2021. This paper analyses the motivations, experiences, and challenges of digital nomads residing/who resided in Croatia, drawing on online survey data collected in 2024. The survey examined respondents’ lifestyle preferences, motives, advantages, and perceived barriers to digital nomadism in Croatia. Findings indicate that Croatia’s policy initiatives—such as the introduction of the digital nomad visa —have positioned the country as an attractive hub for this highly mobile workforce. While respondents highlighted Croatia’s natural beauty, lifestyle, and safety as its key advantages—with over 40% perceiving no significant obstacles—the study nonetheless identifies key challenges, including rising rental and living costs and lengthy administrative procedures for obtaining digital nomad visas.
”Beyond the Hype”: retrace (in better and worse) a 35-years odyssey of organizational change in microfinance from ledgers to algorithms
This thematic review synthesises the technological evolution within Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) from 1990 to early 2025. It traces the journey from pre-digital manual systems through core banking computerisation, the mobile revolution and into the current frontier era of AI and blockchain. The analysis reveals that digital technologies have profoundly transformed MFIs's operations, driving significant gains in efficiency and financial inclusion by enabling new, digital-first models. However, this progress is tempered by persistent and emerging challenges. Critical gaps such as the digital divide, regulatory fragmentation, sustainability pressures, and ethical dilemmas concerning data privacy and algorithmic bias continue to threaten equitable outcomes. Literature review has made it possible to codify the evolutionary steps that have occurred. From this starting point, it has been possible to conceive, for better or for worse, the distinctive features of each era, concluding that for the realization of the technology's full potential necessitates a future focus on inclusive infrastructure, robust ethical governance and adaptive regulatory frameworks to ensure financial inclusion truly serves the most vulnerable populations.
An analysis of dental tourists’ motivations for visiting Kvarner
The aim of this paper is to determine the motives of tourists who choose to visit Kvarner region for its dental tourism offer. Authors used a structured questionnaire prepared according to research of Jaapar et al. (2017), which was distributed both physically in dental clinics, as well as online through e-mail and social networks. Data was collected in the period of end of July until October 2025. A total of 136 correctly filled questionnaires were cllected. The data was analyzed with SPSS 21.0, and for data analysis descriptive statistics was used. Findings indicate Kvarner being recognized as a dental tourism destination, since dental tourists visit it motivared primarily by its Dental Care Quality, Dental Care Information access, Cultural Similarity and Cost savings. Supporting services have proven to be the weakest motivating factor. Taking into account the lack of research of this topic, and in Kvarner in particular, these findings can be used by both dental service providers and destination management in the process of improving current dental tourist offer and achieving greater competitiveness on the (dental) tourist market. Due to a small statistical sample it is advised to continue collecting data to get a clearer insight into the motives of dental tourists who visit Kvarner.
Knowledge about food waste prevention and management practices: Perspectives from Restaurants in Novi Sad
Food waste attracts attention from academics and practitioners globally as it challenges economic, social, moral, and environmental issues. In the context of Food Waste this paper provides the knowledge about food waste prevention and management practices from restaurants in Novi Sad. In addition, this paper applies the Food Waste Hierarchy Principles and contributes to addressing theoretical implications. Besides that, the research task was to apply the survey from previous researches which indicates that it is a useful tool for finding out how much management and head chefs knew about the Food Waste issue in their kitchens. The contribution of the research is also identified an equally important role of other components of practice theory i.e., corporate influence, and knowledge of Food Waste among chefs can be reinforced by the corporates.
Perceptions of cybersecurity challenges and the need for effective measures
This paper examines individual perceptions of cybersecurity risks, levels of awareness, and trust in protective measures, with particular attention to generational differences. A sample of 384 respondents from diverse demographics in Croatia completed a structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential (ANOVA) analyses were conducted to identify patterns in perceptions across age groups, employment status, and digital experience. The findings reveal a significant age gap, with younger respondents displaying more proactive attitudes but also greater scepticism towards institutional safeguards. The results underscore the urgent need for tailored educational interventions, institutional policy support, and cross-generational mentoring to build a resilient cybersecurity culture.
Understanding the role of employee monitoring (bossware) in shaping trust, morality, and productivity: a Serbian perspective
In modern organizations, the incorporation of technology into daily work processes has become an important component of human resource management. Advances in digital tools and software solutions allow management to monitor employee activities in real time, opening up new chances for work optimization, but also challenges in terms of ethics, privacy, and the effectiveness of supervision. The system monitoring applied has a direct impact on interactive relations and organizational culture, which makes it the subject of intense academic and practical discussion. The purpose of this research was to analyze the effect of monitoring on the trust, morality, and productivity of employees in the context of the Republic of Serbia. The sample involved employees from different sectors, and the data was investigated using descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression methods, in order to investigate the interrelationships among monitoring, trust, morality, and productivity. The research outcomes indicate that monitoring has a positive correlation with employee trust, contributes to the preservation of morality values, and enhances work productivity. The research results further accentuate the importance of morality, confirming that it increases the effects of monitoring on trust, while the impact on employee productivity is not statistically significant. High employee morality can alleviate the negative features of monitoring and simultaneously sustain positive outcomes, portentous that organizations should invest in enhancing morality to balance monitoring and trust. The results contribute to filling the research gap in domestic and foreign literature, specifically regarding the psychological and organizational significances of employee monitoring in the local background. At the same time, the research argues out- organizations that implement transparent and ethical oversight can positively shape trust, morality, and productivity, thereby contributing to a supportive and encouraging work climate. Future research claims expanding the sample, different territorial spreading, comparative analysis, and the submission of longitudinal methods in order to observe in more detail the fundamental dynamics among monitoring, trust, morality, and employee productivity.
Trends and frontiers in inclusive tourism research: insights from a bibliometric analysis
As an integral part of sustainable tourism, inclusive tourism not only broadens participation and equity but also strengthens the social dimension of sustainability by ensuring that destinations are accessible to all. In this context, this paper presents a bibliometric analysis of 273 publications on inclusive, accessible, and disability tourism indexed in the Web of Science (WoS). The study examines publication trends, leading authors, countries, institutions, and thematic clusters. The results highlight growing scholarly attention since 2020, and emerging research themes such as social inclusion, accessibility in hospitality, and the lived experiences of disabled tourists. These findings provide insights into the development of the field and identify gaps, offering a foundation for future research and practical advancements in promoting accessibility and inclusivity in tourism.
Tourism employability in the digital age: Skills gaps and labor market responses
The tourism industry is undergoing rapid digital transformation, reshaping job roles, required competencies, and employability pathways. This paper examines emerging skills gaps in tourism, focusing on digital and soft skills, and how education, industry, and policy actors respond to these challenges. A mixed-methods design combined survey data from 312 tourism students and graduates in Serbia with interviews with 25 industry professionals. Results reveal a major mismatch between digital competencies taught and those demanded by employers, notably in data analytics, digital marketing, AI, CRM systems, and virtual collaboration tools. While basic digital literacy is common, advanced skills are scarce. Employers also emphasize adaptability, emotional intelligence, intercultural communication, and problem-solving, which are underdeveloped in curricula. The study highlights labor market responses, including industry-led training, internships with digital focus, and work-integrated learning. It recommends integrating digital literacy, agile skill development, and cross-sectoral competencies to enhance tourism workforce resilience in the digital era.
The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on business continuity in Serbia: A sectoral analysis
This paper focuses on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the business continuity of economic sectors in Serbia. The analysis was based on the secondary data from the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, with particular focus given to the year-on-year changes in business revenues over the periods from 2010 to 2023, and 2019 to 2020. A simplified multivariate linear regression model was used to examine the influence of sectoral affiliation and enterprise size on the decline in revenues. The obtained results indicate significant differences across sectors, with the tourism, hospitality, and transport sectors being hit the hardest by the pandemic, while the information technology and finance sectors demonstrated greater resilience. The findings have also revealed that the level of vulnerability of sectors to systemic crises varies, which is why the targeted support measures are necessary. This study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the economic consequences of the pandemics in transition economies and provides a solid basis for improving crisis response strategies in the future.
Adaptation of the digital user experience scale (DCX) to measure student experience in online education: The role of personalization, perceived value and willingness to pay
Online education has rapidly expanded as a dominant form of learning, yet its long-term sustainability depends on students’ willingness to pay (WTP) for digital learning services. While prior studies emphasize the importance of user experience and value perception in consumer decisions, empirical evidence from the Western Balkans remains scarce. This paper investigates the role of perceived value (PERVAL) as a mediator between personalization, digital customer experience (DCX), and marketing efforts (PMN) on the one hand, and willingness to pay on the other. The study was conducted on a sample of 500 students in Serbia, using validated scales for each construct. Data analysis included exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, as well as structural equation modeling (SEM). The results indicate that personalization and DCX significantly increase perceived value, which strongly predicts WTP, while marketing efforts have a weaker but still significant impact. The findings provide both theoretical contributions to the literature on digital education economics and practical guidelines for EdTech companies and higher education institutions seeking to enhance the sustainability of online programs. This study not only extends the application of DCX to educational contexts but also provides actionable insights for international higher education institutions and EdTech companies aiming to enhance the sustainability of digital learning programs.
Improving media education through the application of artificial intelligence
Under the influence of rapid technological advancements, traditional education is undergoing significant transformation and adaptation to meet labor market demands. Personalization, interactivity, and applicability are key factors driving these changes. In this context, media literacy requires an interdisciplinary approach to ensure an understanding of the evolving roles of traditional and digital media on one hand, and the application of artificial intelligence with all its technical, legal, and ethical challenges on the other. Artificial intelligence should contribute to reducing inequalities in access to knowledge and education, while the role of education is expected to create a platform for key AI competencies by fostering shared interests and understanding, maximizing accessibility for teachers and students while minimizing potential risks. The paper emphasizes support for teachers and media creators in their joint efforts to establish higher-quality media education while strengthening future research directions toward the positive effects of the multilayered connection between artificial intelligence, education, and the media industry.
Organization of business events: A new perspective of the development of business tourism through the application of technological innovations
The organization of business events is a very dynamic activity, which has contributed to the development of tourism by creating content for business tourists and connecting leisure tourism and business. As one of the oldest forms of tourism, business tourism is present throughout the entire year and affects all aspects of the development of a destination (economy, society, local development, etc.). The organization of business events in many destinations contributes to their affirmation as attractive locations for event organizers and a better position in the tourism market. Repeated arrivals of business event participants enable the continued progress of destinations and the achievement of better economic effects as well as seasonality reduction. Although the event industry is subject to constant changes in its development, it has not yet been adequately examined in which direction the modern development of business tourism is heading in the digital age. On the other hand, the organization of business events is not only about establishing communication and discussion between participants, but also about creating a certain experience in order for business tourists to revisit the destination in the future. The modern organization of business events today is very different in relation to the period when conferences and congresses were conventionally organized in large conference rooms and with a large number of participants. In addition, contemporary trends indicate a shift in business event organizers towards unusual locations such as theaters, museums, and castles, which is why the role of modern information technology is also important in organizing events in such spaces. Due to the development of technology, events can be organized in a hybrid form, but also enable event participants to organize their participation in a simpler way, with the application of technological advances. The application of technological innovations during the planning and organization of events, and during their holding, makes it easier for participants to register, present, discuss, and use additional services, giving them the opportunity to devote more time and attention to the motive of participating in a particular event and to reduce discomfort during all phases of the event itself. Therefore, the authors of this paper analyze the impact of modern information technology on more efficient organization of business events and creating a quality experience for business tourists through the analysis of examples of good practice.
Digital transformation of education in Croatia: current state, economic aspects, and development potential
This paper analyses the state of digitalisation in Croatian education, focusing on the availability of digital tools, teachers’ perceptions of their use and the economic impact of technology-enhanced teaching. The study includes survey results from the educational staff, which analysed how they perceive access to and use of digital tools, the quality of online teaching compared to traditional teaching and general readiness for further digital transformation. The results confirm that access to technology and well-developed digital skills have a positive impact on teaching quality, while strategic investment in digitalisation brings long-term educational and economic benefits. It concludes with recommendations for a more balanced and effective implementation of digital technologies that are aligned with the educational needs of 21st century learners.
Economies of scale in the cruise industry
The manuscript examines the role of economies of scale as a tool that positively impacts financial stability, cost efficiency, environmental compliance and competitive advantage in the cruise industry. The research analyses both internal (operational, managerial, financial) and external (infrastructure, regulations, industry growth) economies of scale and factors that influence how cruise companies optimise their operations and increase overall efficiency. It is shown that larger cruise ships are generally more efficient in reducing average costs by allocating them to more passengers. At the same time, negative factors affecting cost efficiency are also identified, such as limited port accessibility, increasing complexity and the high cost of regulatory compliance. It also examines how innovation; the use of green fuels and smart systems support long-term operational savings and environmental protection goals. External factors, including infrastructure and the regulatory framework, are also discussed as important elements contributing to or limiting the growth of the cruise industry.
The evaluation of tax evasion and tax morale in the Republic of Croatia
In the Republic of Croatia, as in many other countries, tax evasion occurs in various forms, from non-payment of income tax and value added tax to the concealment of income or the transfer of assets in order to reduce the tax burden. The aim of this paper is to analyse the attitudes and opinions of citizens about tax evasion and tax morale in the Republic of Croatia. The conducted research has shown that the citizens of the Republic of Croatia are aware of the large presence of tax evasion in the system and that they are familiar with its negative impact on the economy. In addition, citizens believe that the current tax laws are not sufficient to combat it and suggest changes in the tax system, equality among taxpayers, better cooperation with the tax administration, but also an increase in tax morale.
Possibilities of financing a project in rural tourism with EU funds
This paper presents research on the methods and possibilities of financing rural tourism through European Union funds. The introductory part discusses the characteristics of rural tourism, emphasizing its development potential and the resource base available to the Republic of Croatia. The central part of the paper focuses on the analysis of European funds and their key characteristics, with a special emphasis on funds intended for rural development. The final part of the paper presents case studies of financing projects aimed at the development of rural areas, highlighting the examples of the cities of Labin and Novalja with a focus on the development of rural tourism. In the context of financing and development of rural tourism, it should be noted that the largest part of the investment is still based on the private funds of the owners. However, with Croatia's accession to the European Union, as well as the earlier possibility of using pre-accession funds, the number of rural tourism entities applying for tenders for European funds has significantly increased. Based on the research conducted, it can be concluded that European Union funds are of particular importance for the improvement of rural tourism, since they enable the financing of projects that contribute not only to the development of rural areas, but also to the innovation of the tourist offer of rural economies.
Legally legal forms of entrepreneurship in project management with emphasis on the family farming
Entrepreneurship, as one of the key activities that affects the economic growth and development of every country, including the Republic of Croatia, encounters many obstacles. One of the most common obstacles that entrepreneurship in Croatia faces is the lack of financial resources. For this reason, fewer and fewer individuals decide to start their own entrepreneurial activity. However, in order to improve the state of entrepreneurship in the country, the Republic of Croatia is trying to encourage its citizens to start their own business, or rather to start their own entrepreneurial activity, through various supports. The aforementioned supports are financial and monetary in nature and are most often grants. Types of support in the Republic of Croatia can be obtained from local and regional administrations and self-governments, from the state, but also from the European Union. Entrepreneurship, a business activity, also strives to create something new, create new opportunities and achieve different effects. One of the most important and most difficult decisions that must be made when establishing a company is to know which legal forms of entrepreneurship exist. Depending on the legal forms of entrepreneurship, different supports are available. This paper defines the concepts of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurs and legal forms of entrepreneurship with the specifics of each form, with an emphasis on family farming.
Emotional dissonance as a determinant of quality of work life in the hospitality industry
Emotional dissonance refers to the fundamental conflict between emotions that are truly experienced and those that are outwardly expressed. This study examines the impact of emotional dissonance on the quality of work life among employees in the hospitality industry. Particular attention is given to psychological constructs that shape workplace interactions: emotional labor, emotional dissonance, and emotional intelligence. The empirical research was conducted between January and May 2025 using an online questionnaire distributed via email and social networks. A total of 148 hotel employees from the Republic of Serbia participated in the study. The results indicate that emotional dissonance has a negative effect on employees’ quality of work life in the hospitality sector. The findings highlight the need for hospitality organizations to adopt strategies aimed at reducing emotional dissonance, such as investing in emotional intelligence training, encouraging supportive leadership practices, and fostering authentic workplace relationships.
Guest reviews as a measure of service quality in mountain hotels of Serbia
Mountain destinations in Serbia represent an important segment of the country’s tourism offer, attracting both domestic and international visitors throughout the year. As these destinations continue to grow in popularity, the quality of the guest experience becomes increasingly important. Guest satisfaction is a fundamental aspect of the hospitality industry, as it directly influences customer loyalty, brand reputation, and long-term business success. In the digital era, guest reviews on online platforms have become a key source of information, influencing perceptions of service quality and destination choice. This study analyzes guest reviews of mountain hotels in Serbia, collected from the TripAdvisor platform, with a focus on five major tourist destinations: Kopaonik, Zlatibor, Tara, Divčibare, and Stara Planina. Using qualitative text analysis, the study aims to extract and interpret the key topics that contribute to guest satisfaction as well as those that lead to dissatisfaction, offering insight into the aspects of hotel services and experiences that most strongly influence guest perceptions. Positive reviews reflected satisfaction, while negative ones indicated dissatisfaction. The following topics stood out in the positive reviews: Quality of service, Child-friendly amenities, Food, and Additional facilities. On the other hand, the sources of dissatisfaction identified in the negative reviews were: Unpleasant odors, Additional charges, Bathroom conditions, and Overall impression of the property. The findings of this study provide useful insights for hotel managers highlighting specific areas that require improvement, as well as those that should be further developed to enhance guest satisfaction.
Modelling corporate rivalry using game theory: Pliva vs. JGL
This paper applies game theory to model and analyze the competitive dynamics between two leading Croatian pharmaceutical firms, Pliva Hrvatska d.o.o. and Jadran - galenski laboratorij d.d. (JGL). The primary objective is to assess the strategic interactions between companies through a formalized game-theoretic framework, with particular emphasis on the concepts of Dominant strategies, Nash equilibrium, and the Prisoner's dilemma. Using financial and operational data from 2019 to 2023, the study constructs payoff matrices under two scenarios: with and without the inclusion of innovation costs. The analysis reveals that while innovation is a Dominant strategy for both firms, asymmetric firm size and cost structures significantly affect profitability, with Pliva able to absorb innovation costs more sustainably. However, the absence of a pure Nash equilibrium and the presence of a Prisoner’s dilemma highlight the tension between cooperation and competition. The findings underscore the strategic value of differentiation and innovation, particularly in oligopolistic markets with high entry barriers.
Tourist attitudes towards the cultural tourism offer of continental Croatia
Today's tourist demand, although heterogeneous, tends to get to know new and previously undiscovered elements of the offer. Tourists are looking for authentic experiences provided by heritage elements embedded in the tourist offer. Heritage as part of the modern tourist offer of each destination enables the creation of a strong connection between tourists and the local community. It is the basis for creating a unique tourist offer and increasing the competitive advantage and preserving the uniqueness of the destination in the tourist market. The purpose of the paper is to determine the current state of development of cultural tourism in continental Croatia. The methodology of the paper is based on the analysis of published scientific and professional papers in the field of cultural tourism, and the TOMAS study of attitudes and consumption in Croatia for 2019 and 2022/2023. Based on the findings, development guidelines and a model for promoting the heritage of continental Croatia will be offered.
Fiscal indicators and comparative analysis of local governments in the former Yugoslav countries
The paper analyzes fiscal indicators of local governments in the countries of the former Yugoslavia, with the aim of identifying similarities and differences in the structure of revenues and expenditures. Secondary data from reports of ministries of finance, statistical offices and international institutions for the period 2015–2021 were used. The results show that Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have the largest share of current expenditures in total local expenditures (over 70%), while Slovenia records the highest level of capital expenditures (25%). Croatia and North Macedonia are characterized by a greater dependence of local budgets on central government transfers, while Montenegro records a relatively stable ratio of own revenues and expenditures. These findings point to different fiscal capacities and degrees of decentralization, but also to the common challenge of the need to strengthen transparency and more efficient management of public finances at the local level. The paper contributes to the existing literature with a systematic comparative review of local public finances in the region and provides a basis for further research and policy making.
The role and importance of ecotourism on the tourism market
Ecotourism is a specific form of tourism that represents the complete opposite of mass, conventional tourism. It is a type of tourism that develops in line with the principles of sustainable development. It takes into account the natural, social, and cultural environment, as well as the economic impact on local communities. Ecotourism is particularly important for protected natural areas. All these characteristics make ecotourism highly attractive to tourists for whom experiences in nature, education, and interaction with the local community and its culture are important aspects of travel. For them, it is especially significant that ecotourism does not have a negative impact on the natural and cultural environment, while at the same time contributing to the well-being of the local population. In many countries, particularly in developing ones, ecotourism plays a crucial role in economic development, as it represents the main source of foreign exchange income. The aim of this paper is to highlight the role and significance of ecotourism in the contemporary tourism market. Examples of good practice are presented with the purpose of showing how ecotourism contributes to the development of different natural areas.
Analytics in digital marketing: aspirations vs. adoption in a developing business landscape
This paper explores the significance of applying analytics and data usage in contemporary digital marketing, with a particular focus on the domestic business context. The main objective is to assess the extent to which organizations adopt a data-driven approach in daily marketing activities, identify the most commonly used types of analytics, evaluate the impact of analytical tools, and examine the key challenges and barriers to their implementation. The research is based on a quantitative survey conducted among professionals from various sectors, with the collected data statistically analyzed and visualized. The findings reveal a high level of awareness regarding the importance of analytics, accompanied by a strong desire for broader application. However, a notable gap exists between this declarative orientation and actual usage. This discrepancy is largely attributed to insufficient managerial support, a shortage of skilled professionals, and underdeveloped data infrastructure. The paper offers practical recommendations for strengthening analytical culture through leadership education and systemic enhancement of organizational analytical capabilities. Keywords: digital marketing, analytics, data-driven approach, ROI optimization, management education
Comparative analysis of the impact of central bank governor turnover on monetary stability
A high level of institutional independence enhances the effectiveness of maintaining price stability, which positively affects broader macroeconomic stability. However, changing conditions in financial markets and crisis situations often require coordination between monetary and fiscal policies. A high degree of institutional independence is a significant determinant of low and stable inflation in developed countries. In developing countries, a more relevant indicator is the turnover rate (TOR). Moreover, there are considerable discrepancies between factual and institutional independence, with this discrepancy being more pronounced in developing countries, which are often forced to align the monetary policy with the development policy of the government. The aim of this research is to identify and analyze the existence of a positive relationship between the turnover rate of central bank governors (TOR) and inflation. The analysis includes the National Bank of Serbia (NBS) and the European Central Bank (ECB) as representatives of countries at different stages of development. Descriptive analysis and Pearson correlation were employed, with results indicating a positive link between a higher turnover rate of governors and elevated inflation levels, particularly in the case of the NBS.
Human resources management in insurance companies - case study wiener Stadtische
The research conducted in the company Wiener Städtische aimed to analyze the policies and practices of human resource management, with special emphasis on organizational climate, motivation, training programs, and employees’ professional development. The sample included 150 employees, and the collected data were processed using the survey research method. The results indicate that most employees perceive the organizational climate and team collaboration positively, while 97% of respondents emphasized that human resource management is of exceptional importance for the company’s success. Furthermore, more than 80% of employees have participated in training and education programs, while nearly 70% believe that the company invests sufficiently in employee development. Half of the respondents perceive the HRM model as contemporary, while the rest recognize elements of a traditional approach. The obtained results confirm the crucial role of human resources in ensuring long-term competitive advantage and point to the need for further improvement of communication and employee development policies.
Cultural contents based on artistic creativity as an opportunity to improve cultural tourism in Trebinje
The focus of the work is the analysis of the potential of artistic creativity that is found today in the cultural institutions and facilities of Trebinje, with the aim of further developing cultural tourism. The shortcomings, as well as the possibilities of their touristic and cultural interpretation, were identified. An analysis of fine art was performed, which showed its quality, rarity and the need for a more attractive tourist and cultural presentation. Motives for the arrival of tourists to this city were determined, the level of visitation of cultural resources and the familiarity of tourists with artistic creativity were identified, which could serve as a base for the further development of cultural tourism. The need for the valorization and presentation of cultural content based on artistic creation, as well as the possibility of their touristic interpretation in accordance with the Tourism Development Strategy of Trebinje until 2030, was noticed.
Challenges and prospects for the application of scientific research methodology in higher education in the Republic of Serbia
The methodology of scientific research represents the foundation for developing scientific reasoning, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills among students and academic staff. In the context of the Republic of Serbia, higher education is undergoing a period of transformation influenced by European integration processes, digitalization, and labor market demands. This paper identifies key challenges in the implementation of research methodology in higher education institutions, including inconsistencies in course content across faculties, a lack of practical research activities, weak linkage between theory and practice, and limited research resources. The empirical study, conducted between October 2024 and May 2025, involved both faculty members and students from the universities of Belgrade, Novi Sad, Niš, Kragujevac, Novi Pazar, and Kosovska Mitrovica. Results indicate that 80% of respondents support the introduction of project-based learning, while 75% recognize the importance of digitalization and software tools for data analysis. Proposed improvement perspectives include curriculum reform, strengthening of teaching competencies, institutional support, and international cooperation through programs such as Erasmus+.
Biomimicry and nature-based solutions: instruments of the circular economy toward sustainability
Humanity is currently facing multiple challenges, including climate change, biodiversity loss, resource depletion, and waste generation. Biomimicry and nature-based solutions (NbS) represent innovative approaches of the circular economy (CE) that seek to align human systems with the principles of nature by combining ecological knowledge with economic models for sustainability. This paper emphasizes the role of biomimetic design and NbS as key drivers of circular practices, enabling the transition toward regenerative and resource-efficient systems. Natural strategies can inspire advances in material efficiency, energy optimization, and resilience, with applications ranging from product design innovation and sustainable architecture to urban planning and ecosystem restoration. Furthermore, integrating these concepts into industrial strategies and public policies provides an opportunity to connect ecological integrity with socioeconomic development. Ultimately, biomimicry and NbS can be understood as transformative tools that support a regenerative and sustainable economy, offering both a framework for future research and pathways for practical implementation.
The dark side of digital marketing: psychological, ethical, and social implications in the era of surveillance capitalism
In the digital age, marketing strategies are becoming increasingly sophisticated, relying on psychological insights, algorithmic data processing, and a constant presence in consumers’ lives. This paper critically examines contemporary marketing practices, exploring the fine line between legitimate influence and exploitation. Special attention is given to the attention economy, emotional manipulation, and strategies that deliberately shape user behavior, often without their consent. While technology enables a high degree of personalization and efficiency, it also raises pressing questions of ethics, social responsibility, and the spiritual decline of modern individuals. As brands continue to generate profit, consumers increasingly face feelings of alienation, insecurity, and the loss of authentic values. Within this context, the paper highlights the need to balance market logic with humanistic principles in the future of marketing.
The impact of information technologies on employment in the banking sector of Serbia
The paper analyzes changes in employment and profitability in the Serbian banking sector during the period 2001–2024, with a comparison to trends in the United States. Particular attention is given to the impact of digitalization and artificial intelligence on the transformation of business models and the structure of the workforce. The results show that employment in Serbia increased until the global financial crisis of 2008, after which it recorded a continuous decline and stabilization at a lower level, while similar patterns are observed in the U.S., where the decline in commercial banking employment was partly offset by growth in the broader financial sector. Profitability of the Serbian banking sector has experienced strong growth, especially since 2017, with record results in the period 2021–2024, with technological innovations, regulatory stability, and the reduction of non-performing loans identified as key contributing factors.
Digital transformation in tourism and consumer behavior in the digital environment
Digital transformation, as one of the most significant processes of contemporary socio-economic development, affects all sectors of the economy, including the tourism sector. As one of the most dynamic economic branches, tourism is particularly susceptible to digital changes, such as mobile applications and social networks, because it depends on information, communication, and experiences of tourists. In the theoretical part of the paper, the digital transformation in the modern digital economy is described ; the theoretical knowledge about digitization, digital trends in tourism, and the understanding of consumer behavior in the digital environment are presented. The aim of this work is to present the key aspects of digital transformation in tourism, analyzing its impact on business models, communication with consumers, and the creation of new trends. It lists key digital technologies, including artificial intelligence, big data, and mobile technologies, which companies use in the tourism sector to improve tourism services. By applying key digital technologies, along with the organizational changes of the company, the improvement of the quality of tourist service and a long-term competitive advantage are achieved, all for the purpose of satisfying the wishes and needs of consumers. Understanding consumer behavior in the digital environment has become crucial for organizations looking to adapt their marketing strategies and gain a competitive advantage.
The role of information systems and technologies in monitoring and optimizing delivered product value in the age of artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) is applied in almost all areas of business today, from process automation to personalization of product/service offers. As it is of great importance for any organization to understand the delivered value of its products and services, this paper aims to explore how information systems and technologies, enhanced with AI components, are used in this field. A systematic literature review highlights AI tools used for tracking key metrics, the most important metrics and AI’s role in optimizing product offerings through predictive models and dynamic pricing. The study discusses how AI contributes to value creation by enabling personalized experiences and adaptive systems. Furthermore, the study proposes a framework for the level of adoption of AI in the context of value delivery. The findings suggest that while AI is widely applied in monitoring and optimization, its role in value creation remains underexplored, offering opportunities for further research.
The impact of organizational culture on the successful business of hotel companies – a case study of the Hotel “Zlatibor Resort & Spa”
The tourism business is usually characterized by a large number of turbulences, which are present both in the domestic and foreign markets. Many hotel companies, which are present and exist within these markets, base their business on the application of different business strategies, as a form of adaptation to the new changes. An indispensable segment in both the creation and implementation of these strategies are employees, who, with their behavior at the organizational level, contribute to the creation of a concept known as organizational culture, the manifestation of which is primarily reflected in the definition of a value system, which is adopted as such by employees and presented as a form of code of conduct. Bearing in mind the importance of organizational culture for the development of an efficient working environment and increasing the competitiveness of the hotel on the market, the paper presents the basic postulates of this concept and their application in the business of the hotel "Zlatibor Mountain Resort & Spa", with a focus on the perception of employees about its importance for the quality of services and employee satisfaction. The aim of this paper is to identify key aspects of organizational culture and its impact on employee satisfaction and quality of service in the hotel. This study provides an insight into the current state of culture in the hotel and points to aspects that can be improved. The results of the work, based on three groups of questions, clearly indicate multiple benefits in business during the implementation of organizational culture, which are recognized by employees.
Analysis of tourist traffic and accommodation capacities through the prism of the tourism development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia 2016-2025
Tourism is one of the most promising activities, which has achieved significant results recently in the Republic of Serbia. Proper interpretation of these results, in most cases, implies focusing on a series of interdisciplinary studies and strategies, which make it possible to adequately assess the development of tourist activities in certain areas. The Tourism Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia for the period 2016–2025, within its business visions and goals, has identified tourist destinations and products that need to be developed. The paper analyzes important segments of the Strategy, with special reference to the comparative view of the projection of tourist traffic growth and accommodation capacities for the periods 2016–2020 and 2021–2025, in order to assess the accuracy of the data, i.e., potential deviations. Also, based on the number of tourists and the structure of accommodation capacities, the real state of tourism and hotel activities was presented through the prism of the Tourism Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia.
Microcredit financial institutions as a strategic instrument for strengthening Serbian financial system, promoting entrepreneurship, and achieving inclusive economic growth
Microfinance can act as both a financial and developmental tool for Serbian MSMEs by improving access to credit, promoting inclusion, building capacity, fostering innovation, and supporting regional and green development. The demand for microfinance is driven by exclusion from mainstream finance and the need for small, flexible, and accessible financial products. The research investigates how microfinance would contribute to the stability of the Serbian financial system and to the inclusive growth of the MSME sector. Results of the study indicate that there is a significant demand for microcredit in Serbia, and microfinance would contribute to the stabilization of the domestic financial system, as well as to the improvement of the financial position of MSMEs. Research confirmed that there is a mismatch between the currently available banking products and the financial needs of MSMEs. It was also verified that microfinance would stimulate employment in Serbia and facilitate the establishment of enterprises.
Readiness of Croatian SMEs for mandatory e-invoicing from 2026: digital preparedness and implementation challenges
The paper has examined the readiness of Croatian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) for the mandatory implementation of electronic invoicing (e-Invoice) as of January 1, 2026. The study sought to evaluate the degree of digital readiness within small and medium-sized enterprises and to identify the primary obstacles impeding effective adoption of digital technologies. Additionally, the role of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems analyses in facilitating compliance with the new regulatory requirements has been done. A hybrid method approach was utilized meaning that quantitative survey data with qualitative interviews has been done among representatives of SMEs across in various sectors. The analysis showed that only 40% of Croatian business entities used e-Invoices, with adoption rates significantly higher among medium and large enterprises (75%) compared to small businesses (61%) and micro-enterprises (below 30%). This was expected since prior to 2026 only the B2G market segment had mandatory e-Invoice usage. The main challenges which were identified included financial constraints, technical complexity, limited digital skills among staff, and difficulties integrating e-Invoice functionalities within existing ERP solutions. The study identified the most widespread ERP systems in Croatia—such as Pantheon, Minimax, Synesis, and Odoo. It also highlighted an increasing trend toward cloud-based solutions that offered easier implementation and legislative compliance. The findings of survey also showed that successful e-Invoice adoption required comprehensive preparation, including ERP system optimization, targeted education and investments in digital infrastructure. The research can be used to detect recommendations for SMEs, ERP vendors, and policymakers to support as easy as possible transition to mandatory e-Invoicing. These insights can contribute to the broader guidelines of digital transformation in Croatia together with a foundation for benchmarking readiness and identifying areas for targeted support. Finnaly, paper also discussed implications for next research, emphasizing the importance of continuous monitoring and adaptation as the regulatory and especially technological landscape continues to evolve.
Psychological motives and tourist expectations: the influence of personal values on destination choice
Psychological motives and personal values represent key factors in the decision-making process of travel and destination choice, since travelers do not select destinations solely based on price, distance, or amenities, but also on those factors that provide them with meaning and direction. Understanding these processes is essential for comprehending tourists’ needs to affirm identity, authenticity, and personal goals through travel. This review paper aims to analyze the relationship between personal values and tourists’ psychological expectations, drawing on relevant empirical findings, their analysis, and interpretation. By examining the conceptualization of value dimensions and their influence on destination perception, the study explains the experience of authenticity and the evaluation of satisfaction after travel. It also considers the differences between hedonistic, collectivistic, altruistic, and status-oriented value systems, as well as their implications for market segmentation and the development of tourism offerings. The findings point to the necessity of integrating psychological insights into destination management and marketing strategies, with the goal of shaping sustainable and personalized tourist experiences.
Consumer psychology in the digital era: the impact of social media on impulsive buying
The transformation of communication models in the digital age has produced profound changes in both the cognitive and affective dimensions of consumer behavior. One particularly salient phenomenon – impulsive buying facilitated by intensive use of social media—has become a focal point of contemporary psychological research. This paper offers a theoretical and empirical synthesis of current findings on psychological processes that stimulate and shape impulsive purchasing decisions within digital environments. Key factors such as impaired self-regulation, emotional arousal, heuristic information processing, and digital cognitive overload are examined in depth. Special attention is given to the influence of algorithmically driven stimuli, visually dominant content, and social comparison mechanisms in triggering purchasing impulses. The aim of this paper is to identify the principal psychological determinants of this behavioral pattern and contribute to the development of integrated models capable of validly explaining the dynamics of impulsive consumption in the context of digital hyperconnectivity.
The impact of packaging on the quality and sale of goods
Packaging encloses goods, enabling their distribution, storage, sale, and use. Packing itself is linked to product design, evaluation, and distribution, and represents only one step in the logistics process that moves goods from production to the end consumer. Along this path, goods are exposed to numerous influences that may reduce their quality, cause damage, or destroy them. Therefore, the function of packaging is to provide the best possible protection for goods during distribution. Today, packaging also acts as a “silent salesperson” and is an important marketing tool for attracting customers. Well-designed packaging plays a decisive role in properly positioning products in the market. Selecting the right packaging for food is essential to preserve the freshness and quality of the product.
Application of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms as a tool for combating tax and customs fraud in the EU and Serbia
The development of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies has significantly influenced the modernization of tax and customs administrations. Modern administrations increasingly rely on digital tools for processing large volumes of data, risk assessment, fraud detection, and communication with taxpayers and customs users. The application of AI and ML systems enables faster identification of suspicious transactions, automated verification procedures, and more efficient tax and customs control. This paper examines the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms in tax and customs administrations, with a particular focus on selected European Union member states and Serbia. Special attention is given to the use of risk-scoring systems, automated document processing, AI chatbots, cargo monitoring systems, and digital customs solutions. The paper also highlights the advantages and limitations of AI implementation in procedures related to the prevention of tax and customs fraud. The analysis shows that EU member states have already introduced various AI-based solutions into tax and customs operations, while Serbia has gradually started implementing similar technologies through projects related to risk analysis, e-fiscalization, digital customs systems, and virtual taxpayer assistance. Despite the significant potential of artificial intelligence, its effective application still depends on data quality, transparency, legal certainty, and human supervision.
Balance and distribution of merchandise trade in Serbia's foreign trade flows
This paper analyzes the balance and distribution of Serbia’s merchandise trade flows during the period from 2019 to 2024, with particular emphasis on export-import dynamics, regional disparities, and key foreign trade partners. The study examines the geographical structure of Serbia’s foreign trade, including the role of statistical regions, major export and import markets, and the influence of regional and global economic trends. Using descriptive statistical analysis based on official data from the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, the paper identifies the main factors shaping foreign trade movements and evaluates their impact on the national economy. The findings indicate a continuous growth of foreign trade activity, significant regional imbalances, and increasing dependence on several major international partners, particularly Germany and China.
The reshoring to the United States: tariffs, tax incentives, and global impact
The reindustrialization of the United States in recent years has been driven by a strategic combination of tariffs and targeted tax incentives. Tariff measures, particularly on steel, aluminum, and selected imported goods, aimed to protect domestic manufacturing from foreign competition and reduce trade deficits. Simultaneously, federal and state-level tax credits and subsidies—such as the Advanced Manufacturing Investment Credit, production-based incentives, and R&D tax benefits—have stimulated investment in high-tech and clean energy manufacturing. This dual approach seeks to revitalize domestic production, enhance technological innovation, and secure supply chains, while also presenting challenges such as potential trade tensions and increased production costs. Overall, these policies reflect a deliberate effort to strengthen the U.S. industrial base and foster long-term economic competitiveness.
Assessing students’ perspectives on how empathy shapes learning achievement: a case study at Toplica Academy of Applied Studies
This paper explores the way in which empathy influences students’ academic success at Toplica Academy of Applied Studies. In order to provide increased support to students in reaching their academic goals, teachers are encouraged to demonstrate sensitivity toward students’ emotional experiences, as well as compassion in addressing their needs and expectations. At the same time, teachers should keep a clear focus in directing their students to achieve academic results. Together, these practices embody the notion of teacher empathy. The paper further examines how such empathy is expressed through teachers’ conduct, classroom interaction, and overall professional behaviour. The aim of the conducted survey was to evaluate students’ attitudes and perceptions regarding teacher empathy and its influence on their motivation, participation, and overall academic success. Four key areas were explored: teachers’ empathy toward students, empathy within the student community, that is among students, the incorporation of empathy into teaching practices, and its effects on learning outcomes and academic achievement. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating empathy into educational practice and demonstrate how teachers contribute to a supportive learning atmosphere. The analysis of the results indicates specific areas for improvement, as well as strategies for increased teacher empathy. These include implementing student-centred instructional strategies, recognizing the emotional and psychological influences on students’ academic achievements, and encouraging open and transparent communication.
FANBOYS in linking two or more language structures in English language
The problem of linking two or more language structures in English by using single words that will be discussed in this paper seems simple at first, particularly from the theoretical point of view. However, in practice, when meaning is the most important, a lot of different situations and issues may occur. The basic aim of this paper is to provide a brief overview of FANBOYS (the seven conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so), as these are the linkers of language structures such as words, phrases and sentences conveying different ideas. Their identification, classification and grammatical characteristics will be mentioned in the paper to provide a better understanding of their role in the English language. The paper will also analyze them in a selected text in order to discuss different situations and possible issues. According to their structures, linkers can be divided into single, complex and compound words; some other members of the word classes (prepositions, adverbs) depending on the meaning to be expressed, can serve as those structures as well. FANBOYS belong to the closed class items because they can be counted, they exclude each other, and they do not express the basic meaning in language. They usually express their meaning when they appear in the text. That is why the analysis of the text in the paper would be important for English language learners, particularly as they are play the role of conveying the exact meaning between the speaker and the listener and vice versa. The findings of this paper could be used to improve English speaking and writing skills, as coherence and cohesion are vital for the smooth flow of language structures and the ideas they convey.
Taxonomy development goals for educational software design
In modern education, the development of educational software requires careful alignment of different goals in order to ensure an effective, pedagogically relevant and technically stable learning experience. This paper aims to explore and systematize taxonomic approaches applied in the design of educational software systems. Based on the analysis of relevant literature in the fields of pedagogy, software engineering and digital technologies in learning, a three-dimensional taxonomy of goals is formulated, which includes: (1) technical goals, (2) pedagogical goals, and (3) usability goals. This structure enables a holistic approach to the design of educational tools and provides a basis for evaluating and improving existing systems. The literature review indicates the fragmentation of existing taxonomies and the need to unify pedagogical and engineering principles into a single framework. The proposed taxonomy represents a step towards standardization and improvement of educational software design in accordance with modern educational needs.
Comparative analysis of LDA, QDA, SVM, algorithms and neural networks for boredom and fear detection in speech
This paper presents an analysis of speech emotion recognition focusing on distinguishing between boredom and fear emotional states. The methodology employs the fundamental frequency trajectory (F₀) and its derivatives to extract characteristics. Emotional states are classified using four machine learning algorithms: Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA), Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The experiment utilizes the Berlin Emotional Speech Database for training and evaluation. Results demonstrate that all classifiers effectively separate boredom and fear emotions, with ANN achieving the highest classification accuracy. Performance analysis are derived using confusion matrix analysis confirm. This study provides an efficient framework for detecting subtle emotional differences in speech signals, particularly between boredom and fear manifestations.
Performance evaluation of watermarked image transmission through atmospheric turbulence channels modeled by the Chi-square–inverse Gamma distribution
This paper presents an analysis of image transmission quality with embedded digital watermarking over an atmospheric turbulence channel. The channel is modeled using the Zero Boresight Chi-square–Inverse Gamma statistical model. Particular attention is devoted to the influence of two key parameters: the intensity of atmospheric turbulence and the Rician K-factor. Objective metrics, namely the Mean Square Error (MSE) and the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), are employed for quality evaluation. The results demonstrate that atmospheric turbulence considerably degrades transmission quality, whereas the Rician K-factor plays a crucial role in its enhancement. Furthermore, the effect of digital watermarking on preserving information integrity is verified. The findings provide valuable insights into the reliability of Free-Space Optical (FSO) communication systems and support the optimization of future system designs.
Enhancing transparency and trust in agricultural decision-making through explainable artificial intelligence
The integration of artificial intelligence in agriculture has significantly advanced data-driven decision-making across the sector. However, the "black box" nature of many AI models poses challenges in transparency, trust, and adoption, particularly among stakeholders with limited technical expertise. Explainable AI (XAI) addresses this limitation by making model predictions interpretable and understandable. This paper explores the application of XAI across seven critical agricultural domains: crop yield prediction, pest and disease detection, precision agriculture, soil health analysis, weather risk management, plant breeding and genomics, and market forecasting. For each application, we examine how XAI techniques—such as feature attribution, saliency maps, and rule-based explanations—can enhance interpretability, improve user confidence, and support actionable insights. Through case studies and model analyses, we demonstrate that incorporating explainability not only improves transparency but also leads to better-informed decisions, increased efficiency, and more sustainable farming practices. The findings highlight the transformative potential of XAI as a bridge between complex algorithms and practical agricultural use, promoting responsible and inclusive AI deployment in the agri-food sector.