Performance evaluation of watermarked image transmission through atmospheric turbulence channels modeled by the Chi-square–inverse Gamma distribution

Nenad Stanojević; Bojan Prlinčević; Aleksandar Skulić; Đorđe Šarčević; Srđan Mitrović

doi:10.71159/icemit2566S

Authors

Nenad Stanojević Kosovo and Metohija Academy of Applied Studies, Leposavić, Serbia
Bojan Prlinčević Kosovo and Metohija Academy of Applied Studies, Leposavić, Serbia
Aleksandar Skulić Kosovo and Metohija Academy of Applied Studies, Leposavić, Serbia
Đorđe Šarčević Academy of Applied Studies, Šabac, Serbia
Srđan Mitrović Singidunum University Belgrade, Serbia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.71159/icemit2566S

Keywords:

FSO, mean square error, Chi-square-inverse Gamma distribution

Abstract

This paper presents an analysis of image transmission quality with embedded digital watermarking over an atmospheric turbulence channel. The channel is modeled using the Zero Boresight Chi-square–Inverse Gamma statistical model. Particular attention is devoted to the influence of two key parameters: the intensity of atmospheric turbulence and the Rician K-factor. Objective metrics, namely the Mean Square Error (MSE) and the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), are employed for quality evaluation. The results demonstrate that atmospheric turbulence considerably degrades transmission quality, whereas the Rician K-factor plays a crucial role in its enhancement. Furthermore, the effect of digital watermarking on preserving information integrity is verified. The findings provide valuable insights into the reliability of Free-Space Optical (FSO) communication systems and support the optimization of future system designs.

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